After much doubt and hesitation, I came to the conclusion that one more, not the last, but decisive step should be taken: To abandon the century-old dogma about free electrons in metals and semiconductors.

THERE is NO electronic “gas or liquid” filling the “cells” of the crystal lattice!

There are QUASI-FREE electrons that move freely throughout the metal body due to the OVERLAP of the OUTER ORBITS OF METAL ATOMS!

And therefore, electrons, without the slightest expenditure of energy or its return, fly chaotically along these overlapping outer orbits.

If we assume this assumption, then the “insidious questions” about why current drift electrons crawling at a snail’s pace heat up metal red-hot, and the same electrons flying at speeds a billion times higher do NOT change the temperature of matter in any way.

This immediately removes both the ridiculous and idiotic explanation of the reason for the electrical resistance of metals by “scattering of free electrons” by “lattice defects (impurity and thermal)”.

Because there is no SCATTERING of electrons on them at all!

Electrons fly freely at high speeds along certain “generalized orbits” of metal atoms, without scattering at all on anything. Only the outermost orbits of atoms are involved in this process.

The question is:

What generates electrical resistance?

Why can electric current heat or cool metal?

The answer to the first question is that Quasi-free electrons have their own magnetic spin moment and their interaction with bound electrons in orbits is twofold: The Coulomb mutual repulsion and magnetic interactions, which can be either attraction or also repulsion. When an electric current occurs, that is, an ordered drift ALONG the GENERALIZED ORBITS of all quasi-free electrons, this immediately creates an ordered vortex magnetic field that TURNS the spins of the drifting electrons like compass needles into concentric circles, the plane of which is perpendicular to the drift vector. But the same magnetic field turns the magnetic elements of the orbiting, bound electrons so that these two magnetic moments (quasi-free and bound atomic electrons) begin to MAGNETICALLY “LOCK” with each other and this generates RESISTANCE, braking of the drifting electrons.

The answer to the second question.

The same coupling, of course, affects the state of bound, orbiting electrons and transfers to them part of the kinetic energy of the drifting electrons, which leads to a change in the configuration of the outer orbits of atoms, to their deformation, an increase in the potential energy of atoms – that is, the RELEASE of HEAT!

If you simply heat a metal (for example, using a gas flame or any other NON-CURRENT method), then heating itself means the SAME DEFORMATION of the OUTER ORBITS, and here it is NOT the current, but the deformation itself that affects the magnetic moments of the orbital electrons in such a way that they experience a rotation that promotes their adhesion to the magnetic spin moments of quasi-free electrons – the resistance increases!!!

And with external cooling of the metal, the orbits “self–repair”, configurationally approaching ideal ones, and the coupling of orbital electrons with quasi-free ones decreases, hence the resistance decreases.

Another possible mechanism for the dependence of the change in metal resistance on temperature, which I described earlier, is the change in the number of Cooper pairs with temperature. As they cool, their number in the outer orbits increases, and as the orbits undergo thermal deformation, it decreases.

But, under certain conditions described in the note “The concentration of electrons and the effects caused by it”, the spin magnetic moments are rotated so that this does NOT cause THEIR MAGNETIC COUPLING, but, on the contrary, REPULSION (additional to Coulomb), which changes the configuration of the outer orbits of atoms not towards their thermal deformation, but towards a change in the orbits towards their “natural” state of an ideal atom that is, with undeformed orbits, what kind of atom is it if it is not subjected to any force from the outside.

THE atoms ARE COOLED.

AND PRAYER???

“Tortured by hard bondage,

You died a glorious death.

In the struggle for a free share

You’ve laid your head down honestly”

It will be read by the deceased “free electrons” themselves or their friends and comrades in the struggle for freedom, for the time being bound in outer orbits, fortunately there are a LOT of them!!!

Faciant meliora potentes.

If I’m wrong, let my seniors correct me.

29 XI 2025