Title of the play:

Configuration Theory of Electronic Orbits vs. Molecular Kinetic Theory.

The characters:

Molecular Kinetic Theory (MKT) is a majestic, regal lady of a very far behind Balzac age, whose every word reverberates like a thunderous echo in a crowded theater and is greeted with a standing ovation.

The Configuration Theory of Electronic Orbits is a young girl, almost a girl. with quick, sharp eyes and a clear, ringing, though not yet sufficiently “staged” voice. Her recitatives do not cause any applause.

A Half–wit is a kind of awkward and inept young man whose role anyone can play, because he constantly asks stupid and even ridiculous questions, raising his eyebrows questioningly, opening his eyes wide and wrinkling his forehead, which is not too plowed with thought.

Esprit de L’escalier is a multi–stage man: prompter, director, stagehand, cloakroom attendant and janitor with responsibility for everything. He never appears on stage.

Half-wit.

So, let’s consider the most ordinary “fact of life” from the standpoint of the Molecular Kinetic Theory (MKT), and then from the standpoint of the Configurational Theory of Electronic Orbits (CTEO), which is the core of the Molecular Electrical Theory (MET), designed to replace, FROM the POINT of VIEW of a certain Esprit, the GENERALLY ACCEPTED one, probably, for a hundred fifty-two hundred years MKT.

We open the valve of a cylinder with compressed gas, air, carbon dioxide or any other. The gas escapes with a whoosh and noise and cools strongly at the same time by dozens or more degrees. Its temperature in the cylinder is taken as the temperature of the environment, the room in which this cylinder has been standing for a long time.

The first question is: Why does the gas cool down during its rapid expansion and STRONGLY?

MKT.

Gives a clear and precise answer to this question:

When the gas expands, WORK is done to expand it, that is, energy is consumed, and this energy is taken from the reserve of thermal energy of compressed gas at room temperature.

That’s the reason for its strong cooling!

But, — the Half-wit who was present at this remarkable experiment timidly remarks, — the expansion of the gas is associated with the acquisition of kinetic energy by the gas molecules, as they expand the gas cloud, they move at much higher speeds than those speeds they had in the balloon, in a compressed state, where the free path of the molecules was much shorter than in relatively “free” space.

That’s right,” the MKT triumphantly picks up. It is precisely to give the molecules significant speeds that their thermal energy is spent, turning into kinetic energy, and therefore the gas cools down!

But,” our Half-wit continues, “after all, the compressed air in the balloon ALREADY HAD a RESERVE OF ENERGY FOR EXPANSION – the potential energy of compression!!! Without it, the gas would not suddenly expand. This means that it’s NOT about the supply of THERMAL energy, but simply about the potential energy of compression, so it expanded and there was NO NEED to take energy from its room temperature! If we open a vessel with UNCOMPRESSED gas at the same temperature, it will not cool.

Of course,” the MKT picks up with the same enthusiasm. “It’s not compressed!

But,” the Half-wit asks naively again, “why in this case can’t it EXPAND, having spent its thermal energy and, having done the specified work, COOL DOWN?”

The MCT falls silent and is about to depart majestically, not wanting to answer such stupid questions. But the Half-wit asks her another, equally stupid and ridiculous question:

In addition, according to your ideas, the thermal energy of any substance, including gases, is the kinetic energy of molecules and atoms. The faster they move, the greater the thermal energy of a given substance and the higher its temperature. So how does this fit in with the newly expanded gas? After all, it COOLS DOWN, and the kinetic energy of the molecules increases, that is, they begin to move at a much HIGHER speed???

The MCT silently and majestically departs, unwilling to waste time and effort explaining or refuting some semi- or complete Half-wit.

Her place on the stage is taken by a young and playful Configuration Theory of Electronic Orbits, and our Half-wit hero asks her all the same stupid and ridiculous questions.

Unlike MKT, who is very mature, majestic, and even regal in her general recognition and age, she readily accepts the questions of a Half-wit and, to the best of her understanding, tries to answer him clearly and consistently.

First, heat in my (CTEO) understanding is not the kinetic energy of particles like atoms and molecules,” she says. – MKT, let’s say, slightly got the wrong address. It may be very correct and adequate in describing the thermal state of matter, BUT in a DIFFERENT PHASE – in a state of plasma heated to thousands of degrees Celsius, WHERE THERE are NO MORE MOLECULES OR ATOMS, but only a mixture of chaotically rapidly flying nuclei, protons and electrons. Perhaps with some addition of neutrons.

There are NO “ordered” (in our human understanding) particle systems like molecules and atoms in such a plasma, and there cannot be! And the MKT is really triumphant there.

But we are now talking about earthly matters, not stellar and other millions of degrees of temperature and millions of atmospheres of pressure.

So, heat, according to my (CTEO) ideas, is just the POTENTIAL energy of deformation of the electronic orbits of atoms. I will only talk about them, because molecules are already systems of atoms connected in a kind of community. When a substance, solid, liquid, or gas, is heated, non-atoms begin to move faster, and this is an increase in temperature and an increase in the thermal content of matter along the MCT, and at the same time there is a change in the configuration of the Orbits of Atomic Electrons, a change in their relative positions in multi-electron atoms, and the POTENTIAL energy of such deformed orbits is the thermal energy of atoms. Thus, we see that the idea of MCT has been completely discarded and its kinetic energy in the form of heat has been replaced by the potential energy of the deformed orbits of atoms.

It’s interesting,” says the Half-wit, “then my second question immediately becomes meaningless about the cooling of a gas with an increase in the kinetic energy of molecules and atoms.

Don’t jump to conclusions,” CTEO gently corrects him, “we will examine this question of yours in detail.

If we accept my first assumption that thermal changes in the state of atoms are related not to their kinetic energy, but to the potential energy of altered deformed electron orbits, then a natural question immediately arises: Is there a state of UNCHANGED ORBITS?

Answer: Yes, I call this state an “Ideal atom,” that is, I am introducing a new concept in addition to the ones that have existed so far: an atom in the ground state and an excited atom. But my “Ideal atom” is NOT an atom in a basic, unexcited state, but an atom with completely normal and in no way deformed electronic orbits!

Half-wit: Is that even possible?

Yes, – CTEO answers, – for example. an atom of interstellar gas that is not heated by anything and is not squeezed by its neighbors or does not receive blows from them, ALTHOUGH

IT EXCHANGES SOME small, NON-QUANTUM energy with the environment. And with deep cooling of the substance to

At temperatures close to Absolute zero, we also get an “ideal atom” with undeformed electron orbits.

Okay,” says the Half-wit, who is maddened by such explanations, “but please answer me the first question: How is it that the gas cools down a lot (this process is even used to liquefy gases) because then the molecules or atoms really move at much higher speeds, that is, their kinetic energy increases!

That’s right, – says CTEO, their kinetic energy is growing, and the gas is cooling! And I CAN explain it sensibly and naturally.
So, as we have suggested, the thermal energy of atoms is NOT their kinetic, velocity-dependent energy. and the potential energy of deformed electron orbits.

Tell me, please, dear Interested Person or Questioner, or, finally, WHY (I don’t want to call you by your stage name, which was invented for you by the bad Uncle Esprit), do the atoms of a gas approach each other or disperse, move away?

Well, of course they’re leaving,” the Half-wit replies.

What did I just tell you about the “perfect atom”? When is this kind of “existence” possible?

When it is ISOLATED from the external force, then it approaches the state of an IDEAL ATOM with undeformed orbits. In the balloon, they were strongly distorted, deformed by “tightness” (therefore, when the gas was compressed, it warmed up strongly – deformation of the orbits!). During the expansion, even in an atmosphere of the same or another gas, each atom of the former compressed gas is in a much less “compressed” state, closer to the ideal, and THIS MEANS a decrease in its thermal energy, COOLING the entire conglomerate of the former compressed gas. By doing this, we unknowingly launched a NEW mechanism – a mechanism for creating an ideal atom or at least approaching an ideal state.

By the way, this does not contradict the idea of quantum mechanics about the so-called zero oscillations. On the contrary, the atoms come closer together as they cool, NOT because of external pressure, but because their orbits decrease in size. The natural, “non-violent” convergence of atoms during cooling. The substance decreases its volume during cooling, but “voluntarily” due to the approximation of the atomic state to the ideal one.

You can read about another way to create a perfect atom in the recent article “The Peltier Effect”.

Half-wit: I think I’m starting to understand something, and your explanations, dear CTEO, seem logical, consistent and reasoned to me.

You know, somehow I involuntarily remembered Pushkin’s poem, watching the retreating MKT and listening to you now:

“To that young capitol is drooping

The crest of Moscow on the ground,

A dowager in purple, stooping

Before an empress newly crowned.”

The curtain is coming down.

Finita la comedia.

27 X 2025