175 years ago, in 1850, the young German “mathematical physicist” Rudolf Clausius formulated a certain principle, which later became known as the Second Law of Thermodynamics.

The principle is simple and very clear:

“Heat cannot of itself pass from a colder to a hotter body.”

This principle, like many of the laws of nature that we have formulated, is phenomenological and empirical in nature. In a more accessible language, this is a description of a certain obligatory and permanent phenomenon.

Later, slightly modified definitions of this law were given, but the essence remained the same. Based on this principle, Clausius came to a “terrible” conclusion: Since heat passes only in one direction – from hot bodies to cold ones, sooner or later all the heat in the universe will be distributed completely evenly, that is, the hot ones will cool down, the cold ones will heat up and all bodies will have the same temperature.

Any heat exchange will stop!

And, since all processes in the universe are always associated with the redistribution of heat, a certain “thermal death of the Universe” will occur, and, of course, any life in it.

A critical response to this prediction was quickly found:

Clausius ‘ conclusion refers to closed systems, that is, from which energy does not decrease and in which it does not come from outside, BUT our universe is NOT a closed system.

It seems to me that this argument, although perhaps true, is weak, if only because the OPENNESS of our universe remains a big question. Personally, I believe that our universe, and most likely other Universes, are just closed systems – giant Schwarzschild spheres, “black holes” with a radius of 15-20, maybe more, billions of light-years.

Even this is enough for our age!

And next to it are other, similar-sized “Eggs”, if you look at this “caviar” through the eyes of a certain super–being – an ABSOLUTE from a multidimensional, N-dimensional world.

Therefore, I would raise other objections: Heat is just a kind of “secondary product”, by-product, the waste of very diverse physical processes in the universe, where forces of the opposite nature are constantly acting:

Attraction and repulsion, and according to the Law of the Transition of Opposites into Each Other, they “change places” all the time, expansion and contraction, collisions of bodies and particles and their repulsion, energy concentration in some places and its dissipation in others. For example, many nuclear reactions emit a huge number of particles called neutrinos, which carry away most of the energy of a certain process. And they react with the substance extremely weakly. For example. A neutrino can fly through a three-hundred-light-year-long water cylinder without reacting with a single hydrogen or oxygen nucleus. In general, they are insidious thieves of energy. But if our universe is still a closed black hole, then for the most part neutrinos cannot escape from it, which means that huge amounts of them accumulate somewhere “at the edge”, maybe “neutrino cemeteries” are formed there, which decay, returning stolen energy to our universe by superpower explosions.

In general, in my opinion, regardless of the closeness or openness of our Universe, there are many COUNTERDIRECTIONAL processes in it that operate, one might say, with eternal frequency and no death of this multibillion-year-old woman is expected.

But, as it seems to me, this idea impressed and motivated the epigones followers of Clausius to some kind of “improvement” of his principle, and in its modern form it already looks quite different from that of Clausius :

The entropy of a closed system left to itself will tend to maximize (for irreversible processes) or remain constant (for reversible processes).

What is this mysterious word Entropy? I will not rewrite mathematical formulas where entropy is indicated under a certain symbol, but I will explain it in human language: THIS IS A MEASURE OF DISORDER.

What’s the connection with Clausius?

Simple: If there are hot bodies and separately cold ones in a certain system (for example, hot (fast) and cold (slow) gas molecules fly in a vessel), this is a certain ordering of the situation. IT’S ORDER!!

And if they all equalize their temps (and speeds), then absolute chaos – DISORDER will ensue, which means that the Entropy of such a system has moved from a state of some kind of ORDER to a state of complete DISORDER! MAXIMUM!

I believe that such an interpretation is false and completely meaningless, because there is NO ORDER OR DISORDER in inanimate nature, as in the saying:

Nature doesn’t have bad weather.

THESE ARE OUR IDEAS, that’s all.

Water can be fluid, but NOT WET. This is our wet-dry feeling! Therefore, such a definition of a certain fundamental law seems to me ridiculous and absurd. We impose entities on inanimate nature that do not exist and cannot exist in it, because these are OUR IDEAL IDEAS AND NOTHING MORE!

In the light of the Molecular Electrical Theory (MET), which, in my opinion, should replace the Molecular Kinetic Theory (MKT) developed by two great physicists Maxwell and Boltzmann, the theory is most likely CORRECT, but incorrectly applied to atoms and molecules, systemic formations, and represent them as simple elastic balls, flying and colliding, exchanging energy-pulses or oscillating balls interlocked with each other, seems to me unsuccessful For “naked” nuclei and particles. protons, neutrons and electrons that make up atoms, this theory may be quite applicable, but then we are talking about a high-temperature plasma of millions, tens and hundreds of millions of degrees, at which there are no more atoms or molecules.

The core of the Molecular Electrical Theory is a more detailed Configurational Theory of Electronic Orbits (CTEO), the main provisions of which are the statement that thermal energy, unlike the basic concept of MCT, is NOT the kinetic energy of molecules and atoms, but the potential energy of deformed orbits of atomic electrons.

The second basic concept of CTEO is the concept of an “Ideal atom”, that is, an atom with UNDEFORMED orbits, a state that occurs, for example, when a substance is cooled to temperatures close to Absolute zero -273 degrees Celsius.

In connection with all of the above, a different formulation of the Clausius principle is proposed.

A new formulation of the Second Law of Thermodynamics, based on MET and CTEO:

Any atomic-molecular system, left to itself, gradually comes to a state with the maximum number of “ideal atoms”, that is, atoms with undeformed electronic orbits, with an incessant pre-quantum exchange of energy with the surrounding space, as evidenced by the so-called “zero fluctuations” of both conglomerates of atoms and single atoms.

Faciant meliora potentes.

If I’m wrong, let my seniors correct me.

28 X 2025