The difference from the point of view of Configurational Theory of Electronic Orbits (CTEO) between the influence of pressure and heating on the state of electronic orbits.

When heated, the radius of their orbits increases, and their mutual repulsion, distance from each other occurs. This is the thermal deformation of the orbits and an increase in their potential energy.

Under external pressure, there is always a decrease in the radius of the orbits and their “violent” convergence.

This is potential energy of pressure. The atoms of gases are particularly sensitive to such “violence” and “respond” by HEATING up.

Therefore, the atoms of the expanding gas, moving away from each other, “straighten” their deformed orbits, approaching the ideal atom configurationally and cooling significantly at the same time.

Ultimately, we can say that any atom “tends” to the state of an “ideal atom” with undeformed orbits. This “striving” is precisely expressed in Clausius’ statement of the fact that heat always flows UNIDIRECTIONALLY from a warmer body to a colder one, because the atoms of the latter are in a closer to ideal state. The second Principle of Thermodynamics is precisely Clausius’s formulation, and not the crazy modern one, because just the “Ideal atom” is more “ordered” than atoms with deformed orbits! In nature, a substance “left to itself” “tends” to the greatest order in the process of “idealizing” its atoms, and not to disorder!

Of course, the anthropomorphism of the word “Striving” does not correspond at all to the reality of natural phenomena, because inanimate matter does not and cannot have any “striving”. Therefore, it would be more correct to say that an atom, which is not affected by any external influences, passes into the form of an “ideal atom”, which, however, does not exclude its “zero” exchange of non-quantized radiation with the surrounding space.

Electrons in atoms rotate asynchronously, out of phase in different orbits, and depending on the position of the orbit relative to the nucleus. Different speeds already create an out-of-sync. I think the electrons in the orbits are moving in different directions. That is, two adjacent orbits can either magnetically attract each other due to the unidirectional motion of electrons, but they can also repel each other due to the non unidirectional motion of electrons.

It is possible that in some metals, two or more adjacent orbits become so close when strongly cooled that the electrons on them, moving unidirectionally and having initially counterdirectional spins, are attracted to each other due to the action of this purely magnetic attraction overcoming Coulomb repulsion (short-range forces inversely proportional to the third power of the distance!) and so they form Cooper pairs in a multitude, providing the phenomenon of superconductivity. In other metals (even if the best conductors they are – silver, copper and gold), electrons in their “neighboring” orbits move in different directions and their spins are unidirectional, so even when deeply cooled, they DO NOT form Cooper pairs, which means these metals do not become superconducting.

If the gas compression and cooling mechanism described above is correct, then this opens up the possibility for its simple experimental verification. Let’s imagine a kind of dielectric vessel, the inner surface of which is metallized. Inside the vessel is any gas at atmospheric pressure.

If we apply a negative charge to the inner surface of the vessel, this should cause compression of the electron orbits and the gas pressure will increase. If we apply not just a negative charge to the “compressing” surface, but a certain high-potential short pulse, then adiabatic compression of the gas and its heating will occur. However, it is necessary to take into account that in order to obtain a measurable effect of compression and heating of the gas, the intensity of the internal electric field must be comparable to the intensity of the orbital fields, that is, millions of volts per cm and possibly more. Otherwise, the effect will go unnoticed due to its smallness. Similarly, rarefaction, which is even more interesting, because (if the above is true) it can be a means to create cryotemperatures (additional to those already available), bringing the temperature of matter closer to Absolute zero.

Faciant meliora potentes.

If I’m wrong, let my seniors correct me

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22 XI 2025