The final destruction of an absurd and illiterate, though generally accepted to this day, dogma.
I must admit that I also fell partially under his hypnosis, namely: In all physical encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books and university textbooks it says that “IT is NOT THE MOBILITY OF CHARGE CARRIERS, BUT THEIR NUMBER (CONCENTRATION) THAT DETERMINES THE DEGREE OF ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF A METAL CONDUCTOR.”
(Mobility is a physical parameter determined by the ratio of the increment of the velocity of an electric charge to the unit of applied voltage, that is, the velocity divided by volts.)
In the light of my recent notes on the DIFFERENCE in the RATE of charge DRIFT in metals, this conventional statement also seems FALSE!
So, let’s move on to specific examples.
Let’s say we have a chain of metal conductors connected in series with different resistivity, for example, an electric stove connected to the network. The wires are made of copper or aluminum, metals with good electrical conductivity, and the spiral tiles heated to red–hot are made of special alloys with poor electrical conductivity and high resistivity (constantane, nichrome, etc.). The same current flows through this entire circuit. But the supply wires remain cold, and the spiral heats up red hot.
(In a similar situation to an incandescent light bulb, where a tungsten spiral is heated to yellow-white heat – 3000 degrees)
Of course, the cross-sectional area of the conductor and its length play a role in heating, but in these examples, the main factor determining heating is the resistivity of the conductor.
(If you replace the spiral of a tile or a light bulb with a thin copper wire, it will also heat up, but incomparably less than tungsten, nichrome or constantane.)
So why are alloys and tungsten bad conductors, while silver, copper, gold, and aluminum are good conductors? Encyclopedias claim that there are a lot of “free” electrons in the latter in good, and there are few of them in bad conductors.
The encyclopedias are both right and wrong about this statement.
They are right that the good ones have more electrons available for drifting along a metal conductor.
They are wrong to call them “free”! There are no free electrons in metals!
There are electrons that can move freely in any direction in metals under the influence of an electric field DUE to the fact that they are located in the OUTER ORBITS OF METAL ATOMS! They are QUASI–FREE, THEY are GENERALIZED for all metal atoms, they are NOT FREE, but connected to external orbits, and their “freedom” is conditioned and limited by the mutual overlap of these orbits of all metal atoms!
Let’s consider the above example from these two points of view.
Since the current in series-connected conductors is the same, it means that an equal number of charges (in this case, electrons) pass through the cross-section of any conductor per unit of time.
In this case, from the conventional point of view, “free electrons” from good conductors in the same amount and with the same drift velocity pass through all conductors, and through the bad one too.
But this means that the concentration of electrons in a bad conductor increases greatly, which means that it BECOMES a GOOD CONDUCTOR!!
A CLEAR INTERNAL CONTRADICTION!!
Either bad conductors have few free electrons, or when the current is turned on, they become good, but for some reason they heat up a lot and at the same time increase their resistivity several times!!!
IT’S ABSURD!
From the point of view I propose, everything looks completely different,
A bad conductor is a conductor that has FEW GENERALIZED ELECTRONS due to the small OVERLAP of the outer orbits of atoms. Few generalized orbits – few generalized electrons! It is the overlap of the orbits that determines the magnitude of the electrical resistance of any metal conductors! And in bad conductors, the number of generalized electrons involved in the drift is ALWAYS LESS than in good ones!
Then what about the constancy of the current value?
Answer: There are fewer drifting electrons in bad conductors, but their mobility is GREATER, they move faster than a lot of electrons in good ones! And due to their higher speed, their mobility in generalized orbits, the current value remains constant!
Electrons from good conductors CANNOT move to poorly overlapping orbits of bad conductors! Their conicentation constantly remains DIFFERENT in different metals, but the drift rates are DIFFERENT!
In good ones, many generalized electrons drift SLOWER in generalized orbits, and in bad ones, few generalized electrons drift FASTER in their poorly generalized orbits!
Fast-moving electrons also create large LOCAL magnetic fields, causing them to couple to atomic magnetic fields, which leads to greater resistance and greater heating! The macroscopic magnetic field is the same everywhere, but its constancy is created either by a large number of slowly drifting or by a smaller number of rapidly drifting electrons!
Summary:
In the above note, four ridiculous myths are destroyed at once:
That there are “free electrons”.
That they are drifting in the space of the crystal lattice of metal atoms.
That they “dissipate on the inhomogeneities of the lattice.”
That the mobility of charge carriers does not matter!
There are no “free electrons” in metals, but there are quasi-free electrons generalized for the entire volume of the metal.
Electrons do NOT drift in the interstices of the crystal lattice, but only along the GENERALIZED OUTER ORBITS OF THE LATTICE ATOMS!
There is no scattering! There is a magnetic interaction, “coupling”, of magnetic moments of electrons drifting in generalized orbits with the magnetic fields of the same atoms!
Therefore, superconductivity is observed only for the cases of “Cooper pairs”, when two electrons with opposite spins combine into pairs and their total spin and magnetic moment are zero! Then the magnetic coupling of pairs at their zero magnetic moment with local atomic magnetic fields disappears.
The mobility of charge carriers plays a huge role in the LOCAL interactions of the magnetic fields of charges and the atomic crystal lattice.
These assumptions immediately eliminate a lot of ridiculous and contradictory GENERALLY ACCEPTED “explanations”!
And the choice is between dumb dogmatism and honest sanity!
Faciant meliora potentes
1 XI 2026
