This will be, IF there is, the next article devoted to the idea of another, alternative source of energy for quasars.

I have to make an exception for Sir Fred Hoyle from my constant doctrine:

What matters is not WHO said it, but WHAT he said!

Fred Hoyle is a world-renowned astronomer and, of course, knows physics. Therefore, the statement at the end of chapter two of the “Sources of Radio emission” of the book “Galaxies, Nuclei and Quasars” sounds more than strange in his mouth:

“These considerations led Fowler (also an outstanding scientist, physicist and astronomer) and me to suggest that the energy source (of quasars) may not be nuclear, but gravitational Gravity is capable of releasing about a hundred times more energy per unit mass than nuclear, so that the required mass (of a quasar) can be reduced by a hundred times. times, up to about a billion solar.”

(The additions in parentheses are mine, not Hoyle’s)

This statement clearly contradicts elementary “school” calculations of the forces of interaction of elementary particles. The electromagnetic interaction of two electrons is about ten to thirty-sixth power times stronger than their gravitational interaction. And nuclear is 137 times stronger than electromagnetic! So, where did Hoyle and Fowler get the idea that the gravitational interaction PER UNIT MASS is a hundred times stronger than the nuclear one???

The only explanation that came to my mind was that they were talking about concentrations of huge masses a billion times the size of the sun! In such gravitational collapses, such monstrous energy is actually released that even in terms of UNIT MASS it turns out to be a hundred times greater than in nuclear processes. Let us recall that according to the theory of star birth, a certain giant dust and gas cloud begins to rapidly contract and collaps due to gravitational compression, the temperature in the center of this compression reaches hundreds of millions of degrees, which makes possible a thermonuclear reaction of helium synthesis from hydrogen.

A star “lights up”.

This is an interesting example of the implementation of one of the basic laws of dialectics about the transition from quantity to quality!

The negligible force of the gravitational interaction of two elementary particles on a cosmic scale and mass turns into a gigantic force that “ignites stars”, explodes supernovae, and even generates quasars, which emit more energy in the radio range than an entire galaxy! And for this, if we accept the assumption of the nuclear origin of this quasar energy, it is necessary to convert the mass of hydrogen of the entire galaxy into helium!

But quasars, according to very reasonable estimates, are “point–like” in size compared to an average galaxy – only a few light-years!

(Our quite ordinary spiral galaxy, the Milky Way, contains one hundred billion stars and has the shape of a spiral disk with a diameter of (40 kiloparsecs). 130 thousand light-years away, and the “bulge” in the center, the core of the galaxy has a transverse dimension of (4 kiloparsecs) 13 thousand light-years!

A very average ordinary galaxy, there are smaller ones, and there are much larger ones of the EO class, ten times larger than ours, with a trillion stars.

(And our Sun is also an ordinary yellow dwarf G3 type star!)

I read the word “preamble” in a newspaper when I was a kid, and I liked it for its strangeness and musicality:

SOUNDS PROUD!

Not like the run-of-the-mill word “introduction,” “preface,” or the slightly more abstruse “foreword.”

I believe that the words of Hoyle and Fowler will be very pleasant to one author, who also believes that gravity can prevail over electromagnetic forces, BUT ON WHAT SCALE OF MASSES?!

2 IX 2026